لفرق بين الجوج ڤيرسيونات ديال: "لفلسفة"

[[لمناهج ديال لفلسفة]] فيها [[لإستجواب سقراطي]]، [[لمنهج سقراطي]]، [[ديالكتيك]]، و تقديم لمنهجي. <ref>Adler, Mortimer J. (2000). ''How to Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization''. Chicago, Ill.: Open Court. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-8126-9412-3</bdi>.</ref><ref>Quinton, Anthony. 1995. "The Ethics of Philosophical Practice." P. 666 in ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', edited by T. Honderich. New York: Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0</nowiki>.↵↵"Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved." (p. 666).</ref>

[[لفلسفة لمعاصرة]] بدات كاتبان ف لعالم لغربي مع مفكرين بحال [[طوماص هوبس]] و [[روني ديكارط|ريني ديكارط]] (1596-1650). مع تقدم ديال لعلوم طبيعية، لفلسفة لمعاصرة هتمّات ب أنها تطور واحد لأساس منطقي و علماني ديال لمعرفة، وتبعد من لبنيات تقليدية ديال سلطة، بحال [[دين]]، [[لفلسفة لمدرسية]]، و [[كنيسة|لكنيسة]]. من أكبر لفلاسفة لمعاصرين لمعروفين كاين: [[باروخ سپينوزا|سپينوزا]]، [[لايبنيتس]]، [[جون لوك|لوك]]، [[ديفيد هيوم|هيوم]]، و [[ايمانويل كانط|كانط]].<ref>Rutherford, Donald. 2006. ''The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-82242-8</nowiki>. "Most often this [period] has been associated with the achievements of a handful of great thinkers: the so-called 'rationalists' (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and 'empiricists' (Locke, Berkeley, Hume), whose inquiries culminate in Kant's 'Critical philosophy.' These canonical figures have been celebrated for the depth and rigor of their treatments of perennial philosophical questions…" (p. 1).</ref><ref>Nadler, Steven. 2008. ''A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy''. John Wiley & Sons. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-470-99883-0</nowiki>. "The study of early modern philosophy demands that we pay attention to a wide variety of questions and an expansive pantheon of thinkers: the traditional canonical figures (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume), to be sure, but also a large 'supporting cast'…" (p. 2).</ref><ref>Kuklick, Bruce. 1984. "Seven Thinkers and How They Grew: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz; Locke, Berkeley, Hume; Kant." In ''Philosophy in History'', edited by Rorty, Schneewind, and Skinner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Literary, philosophical, and historical studies often rely on a notion of what is ''canonical''. In American philosophy scholars go from Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey; in American literature from James Fenimore Cooper to F. Scott Fitzgerald; in political theory from Plato to Hobbes and Locke.… The texts or authors who fill in the blanks from A to Z in these, and other intellectual traditions, constitute the canon, and there is an accompanying narrative that links text to text or author to author, a 'history of' American literature, economic thought, and so on. The most conventional of such histories are embodied in university courses and the textbooks that accompany them. This essay examines one such course, the History of Modern Philosophy, and the texts that helped to create it. If a philosopher in the United States were asked why the seven people in my title comprise Modern Philosophy, the initial response would be: they were the best, and there are historical and philosophical connections among them." (p. 125).</ref>